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And how you've adjusted your system can affect how easy or hard it is to hear the dialogue. The audio mix is optimized to a totally different set of equipment than than you are listening on. And if you use a home theater audio system, this is another variable in what you hear. Your TV and sound system: Every television has different speakers of different quality geared towards reproducing different kinds of sounds.Sometimes the difficulty in hearing things comes from them trying to smooth out this patchwork quilt of sound and hide the edits. Also, it makes the overall dialogue sequence uneven and hard to mix so that it all sounds like one smooth thing. In TV, this is done more hastily than in films, and isn't always finessed. Basically they have the actors record a lot of the lines of dialogue in a studio after the actual shoot in case they need to replace any of it during the edit. ADR: This stands for "automated dialogue replacement', "additional dialogue replacement", or "additional dialogue recording", depending on whom you ask.This can become even more complicated by the fact that they are often using "ADR". The time frame: TV production tends to be very rushed compared to feature films, and they often spend less time perfecting the dialogue's equalization.So they tend to err on the side of emphasizing sound effects, music and all the non-dialogue elements of the soundtrack. What the soundtrack is trying to accomplish: When they do a sound mix, the artists mentioned are mostly concerned with things like emotion and action, and keeping things dynamic.It's basically a function of the nervous system and how you process language and sound. This makes it much easier for them to understand the dialogue even when the relative levels are too low for a novel viewer to understand. So they know what the characters are saying. Further, they've also read the script many times. The actual audio mixers of the TV shows: As Kenneth van der Walt so insightfully mentioned, the audio mixer(s), director, editor, composer, sound designer and other creative personnel involved with doing the final mix of the show have already heard the dialogue dozens (and maybe hundreds) of times.